For example, the Consonants not classified as soft are dubbed 'hard'. The orthography is mostly phonetic, or rather phonemic – the written letters correspond in a consistent manner to the sounds, or rather the phonemes, of spoken Polish… The correct spelling can often be deduced from the spelling of other morphological forms of the word or cognates in Polish or in other Slavic languages. Consonantal. Those result from historical sound changes. An alternative analysis postulates that nasal vowels no longer exist in Standard Polish as independent phonemes because they are realized as actual nasal consonants before stops and affricates, and their nasal-diphthong realization before fricatives can be analyzed as an allophonic realization of the sequences Also, some dialects preserve nonstandard developments of historical long vowels (see previous section); for example, For the possibility of an additional glottal fricative phoneme Before fricatives, nasal consonants may be realized as nasalized Polish, like other Slavic languages, permits complex consonant clusters, which often arose from the disappearance of For the restrictions on combinations of voiced and voiceless consonants in clusters, see In Polish consonant clusters, including across a word boundary, the obstruents are all voiced or all voiceless. The language is written using the Polish alphabet, which derives from the Latin alphabet, but includes some additional letters with diacritics. Polish orthography is the system of writing the Polish language. a. inherited situation Some case forms with YER vowel [ÿ] following voiceless consonant. However, a subset of hard consonants, In some phonological descriptions of Polish, however, a greater number of consonants, including especially the labials The historical palatalized forms of some consonants have developed in Polish into noticeably different sounds: historical palatalized Each vowel represents one syllable although the letter Another class of exceptions is verbs with the conditional endings Some common word combinations are stressed as if they were a single word.

There are certain clusters where a written consonant would not normally be pronounced. Elsewhere, however, /i/ is usually restricted to word-initial position and positions after palatal consonants and the palatalized velars, while /ɨ/ cannot … The Polish consonant system is more complicated; its characteristic features include the series of affricates and palatal consonants that resulted from four Proto-Slavic palatalizations and two further palatalizations that took place in Polish and Belarusian. In the following data: 1. klup klubi ‘club’ 5. ʒwup ʒwobi ‘crib’ 6. trut trudi ‘labor’ 3. For example, the ⟨ł⟩ in the words Names are generally capitalized in Polish as in English. In words of foreign origin the ⟨i⟩ causes the palatalization of the preceding consonant ⟨n⟩ to Except in the cases mentioned in the previous paragraph, the letter ⟨i⟩ if followed by another vowel in the same word usually represents In some rare cases, however, when the consonant in case is preceded by another consonant, A special situation applies to ⟨n⟩: it has the full palatalization to For example, (pay attention to the upper- and lower-case letters): The two alternations are: 1. The Polish language exhibits many morphophonological phenomena that still confound researchers today.

By the early 16th century, Polish lost distinctive vowel length, in most cases merging the long and short versions of the same vowel. Numbers in the table are A common test sentence containing all the Polish diacritic letters is the nonsensical " This leads to neutralization of voiced/voiceless pairs in those positions (or equivalently, restrictions on the distribution of voiced and voiceless consonants). The central vowel [ ɜ] is an unstressed allophone …